The area is famous for being the source of 40% of the gold ever mined from the earth. The Witwatersrand Supergroup strata which reach the surface in Johannesburg dip downwards to the south at an angle of about 30°. Prominent graduates from University of the Witwatersrand include celebrities, politicians, business people, athletes and more. The oldest rocks (laid down 2.97 billion years … Mon - Fri: 10:30am - 6:00pm ET The gold bearing rocks are limited to 6 sites where Archean rivers from the north and west formed fan deltas, with many braided channels, before flowing into the “Witwatersrand Sea” to the south, where the earlier sediments that form the older rocks of the Witwatersrand Supergroup had been deposited. where these rocks are exposed at the surface) in the immediate vicinity of the Vredefort Dome, virtually all the other outcrops occur in an arc approximately 80–120 km from the centre of the impact crater, to the west, north-west, north and north-east. This protected it from erosion later on; but, possibly more importantly, bringing it to the surface close to the crater rim, near Johannesburg. Mon - Fri: 10:30am - 6:00pm ET Our natural untreated sapphires offer true beauty, rarity and superior value compared to treated sapphires. Located 45km south-west of Johannesburg in the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa, South Deep is also the seventh deepest mine in the world, with a mine depth up to 2,998m below the surface. It was a key part of the Mineral Revolution In addition to the founding of Johannesburg, the Witwatersrand Gold Rush was a major factor leading to the, The Boer farmers denied these “uitlanders” voting rights and mounted heavy taxes on the gold industry. Thank you for trusting us with your sapphire purchase! How Do You Best Establish the Value of a Sapphire? The Witwatersrand plateau consists of a 5000-to-7000-metre-thick (3.1–4.3 mi) layer of mainly sedimentary rocks laid down over a period of about 260 million years, starting approximately 2.97 billion years ago. The outcrop in Gauteng forms the Witwatersrand ridge, from which the basin and its rocks derive their name. Harrison is believed to have sold his claim for less than £10 before leaving the area, and he was never heard from again. [6] The floor of this newly formed “Witwatersrand sea” consisted of smoothly eroded granites. Not only are the remains of this impact among the oldest on earth, but it is also one of the largest meteor impacts to have left its imprint on the earth's geology of today. We invite you to send us a message through our website at any time. While the ultimate source of the gold in the Witwatersrand reef is unknown, the general disposition of the deposits is recognizable and continuous. South Deep was known by the name Western Areas Gold Mine until 2000. To learn even more about topics related to precious metals, head over to More Precious Metal Details. The extreme economic significance of this g… Sat: 1:00pm - 4:00pm ET The institution moved to Johannesburg in 1904 and acquired full university status in 1922. Wits’ commitment to social justice has meant it’s played a key role during historical moments in South Africa, with many Witwatersrand alumni becoming icons, both historically and today. [6] The entire series of rocks, known as the "Witwatersrand Supergroup," consists of very hard erosion resistant quartzites, banded ironstones and some marine lava deposits, interspersed with softer, more easily eroded tillites, mudstones and conglomerates. Located in South Africa, the Witwatersrand Basin represents the richest gold field ever discovered. [7] Thus, it is possible that if it had not been for the Vredefort meteor strike 2000 million years ago, we would either have never discovered the rich gold deposits beneath the Southern African surface, or they would have been eroded away during the uninterrupted removal of a several kilometres thick layer of deposits from the surface of the Southern African Plateau in the relatively recent geological past: i.e. [2] This heralded the historic Witwatersrand Gold Rush. The 200-by-350-km (124-by-217-mile) Witwatersrand Basin contains an 11-km- (7-mile-) thick sequence of lavas and sediments that are 3 billion years old. pp. Deposition of the predominantly siliciclastic basin fill began shortly after 2985 Ma in a shallow marine environment, maybe along a passive margin to an old continent to the north(west), and under generally cool climatic conditions (West Rand Group). Our jewelry and gemological specialists will work with you from start to finish to create your custom sapphire jewelry. The plateau's elevation above sea-level is between 1700 and 1800 metres (5600–5900 ft). Cyanobacteria grew in relative abundance in these mineral rich waters. The larger Johannesburg Metropolitan Area is also known as the Witwatersrand (“Ridge of White Waters”). [2][1] However, when it was found that, traced downdip, the conglomerate was not merely developed for the narrow width of a river, but continued in depth, there came the realisation that this conglomeratic zone was part of a sedimentary succession. Over 50,000 metric tons of gold were mined here, making up 50% of the total gold mined on our planet. The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, also known as Wits University is a leading, internationally-ranked, research-intensive University located in Johannesburg, South Africa, the economic heartland of Africa. 297–301. It was the coalescence of several of these island arcs that led to the formation of the Kaapvaal Craton, one of the first microcontinents to form on earth about 3900 million years ago. The head frame of the Tau Tona Mine is the lone entrance to over 500 miles of tunnels. Council for Geoscience, Geological Survey of South Africa. Because of the extraordinary quantities of gold that have been extracted from the Witwatersrand rocks, the South African currency was named the rand in 1961 upon the declaration of the republic. [6][15][16] Sulfuric acid also erodes concrete and cement structures, resulting in structural damage to buildings and bridges.[15][16]. The area of the craton on top of which Johannesburg is now situated, became a vast riverine plain, which extended along the entire northern and western shoreline of the shrunken sea, in an arc extending from Evander in the east, through Johannesburg, Carletonville and then southwards to Klerksdorp and Welkom in the south-west. There were no continents during the early stages of the Archean Eon,[11] but island arcs did form. It is also the reason behind the South African currency gaining the moniker of “Rand” in 1961. [3] The entire plateau-like structure is also often called the Witwatersrand. [2][1] Since this gold was embedded in a conglomerate, it was first assumed that this was alluvial gold in an old riverbed, that had been tilted as a result of earth movements. [7] Gold mining in these buried portions of the Witwatersrand Supergroup is sometimes carried out at depths of 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) below the surface.[6][8]. Most of the basin is deeply buried under younger rocks, but outcrops occur in Gauteng, the Free State, as well as in some of the surrounding Provinces. The “West Rand Group” and “Central Rand Group” of rocks together form the “Witwatersrand Supergroup”, the full horizontal extent of which is termed the Witwatersrand Basin.[2][6][1]. [1] This east-west-running scarp can be traced with only one short gap, from Bedfordview (about 10 km [6 mi] west of O.R. In retaliation, the uitlanders and the British mining interests joined forces to overthrow the Boer government. Gold rushes throughout the world have created massive cultural shifts that resonate to this day. [10] The oxygen these microorganisms produced rapidly reacted with, amongst others, any dissolved iron compounds in the water, producing insoluble red iron oxide (rust), which precipitated out during the daylight hours. About 3000 million years ago local cooling of the underlying asthenosphere caused subsidence of the south eastern portion of this microcontinent below sea level. Why Do Labs Not Agree On Sapphire Gradings? The conglomerate was quickly traced east and westward for a total continuous distance of 50 km (31 mi) to define what became known as the “Central Rand Gold Field”. Some of these gold bearing fan deltas are now at depths of 4 km below the surface. Committed to academic and research excellence, Wits generates high level scarce skills for a globally competitive world, while addressing local social and economic development. Thousands of exquisite, natural, untreated sapphires to choose from, matched perfectly with our beautiful, custom designed, hand crafted settings. It was a key part of the Mineral Revolution. The Natural Sapphire Company Reviews on, The Witwatersrand Gold Rush initiated South Africa’s domination of world gold production. The Natural Sapphire Company Reviews on TrustPilot | List of famous alumni from University of the Witwatersrand, with photos when available. 10:30am - 6pm ET, Showroom & Workshop , the Witwatersrand Gold Rush had extensive social and political implications. [1][6] The gold-bearing conglomerates occur chiefly in the upper, younger layers of the Witwatersrand Supergroup of rocks, on the southern side of the Witwatersrand plateau. The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg , is a multi-campus South African public research university situated in the northern areas of central Johannesburg. It is the source of over 40% of the gold extracted from the Earth. Once the news got out, prospectors from all over the world flocked to the area, laying the foundation of the present day metropolis of Johannesburg. It is the source of over 40% of the gold extracted from the Earth. [2][6] The impact was close to the present village of Vredefort, which has given its name to the geological remnant of this immense event: the Vredefort Dome. The Witwatersrand Gold Rush was a gold rush in 1886 that led to the establishment of Johannesburg, South Africa. The Witwatersrand Basin is a largely underground geological formation which surfaces in the Witwatersrand. [6][12] Within 60 million years, up to 4500 m of sediment had accumulated on the granite base, to become the “West Rand Group” of rocks that contribute over 60% of the total thickness of the Witwatersrand Supergroup. This sandy layer eventually became compressed to form the Orange Grove Quartzite, the lowermost layer of the Witwatersrand Supergroup. Today, the Witwatersrand reef is part of the “golden arc,” an ancient inland lake containing rich deposits of alluvial gold . The Mesoarchaean Witwatersrand Basin represents the largest known gold anomaly and has produced more gold than any other ore province in the world. At the Natural Sapphire Company we specialize in providing our customers with the finest quality natural sapphires. Known commonly as Wits University, its mission is to uphold liberty of inquiry and the continuing pursuit of knowledge and truth. [2] From there on they are almost everywhere, with very few exceptions (see below), covered by younger rocks. University of the Witwatersrand Application Form. The war continued for years through, is part of the “golden arc,” an ancient inland lake containing rich deposits of, (60 miles) long and 3.6 kilometers (12,000 feet) deep in certain places. Founded in 1896 as the South African School of Mines in Kimberley, it is the third oldest South African university in continuous operation. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. It is this area in which the main gold reserves, the lifeblood of the province, are found. The Witwatersrand (locally the Rand or, less commonly, the Reef) is a 56-kilometre-long (35 mi), north-facing scarp in South Africa. [6] In fact, apart from the Witwatersrand outcrops (i.e. The rivers formed braided deltas with many interlacing, slow flowing channels where all the heavy materials brought down from the mountains were deposited: large pebbles, and heavy minerals, such as gold, iron pyrite, and uraninite. The resulting 2500–4500 m thick layer of sediments is termed the “West Rand Group” of Witwatersrand rocks. A view of the farm Langlaagte where gold was discovered in 1886. The gold bearing meteorite events occurred millions of years after the segregation of the earth's core. There was no free oxygen in earth's atmosphere until about 2000 million years ago, but there were photosynthesizing cyanobacteria. It has since been established that the rocks that make up the Witwatersrand Ridge dip downwards and southwards to form the largely underground “Witwatersrand Basin” which covers an elliptical area with a 300 km long major axis from Evander in the north-east to Theunissen in the south-west, and 150 km wide stretching from Steynsrus in the south-east to Coligny in the north-west,[1] with a small subsidiary basin at Kinross. But changing geographical conditions resulted in the accumulation of a wide variety of sediments, ranging from mud, to sand, to gravel, and banded ironstones. [1] Harrison had stumbled on the Main Reef conglomerate (part of the “Johannesburg Subgroup” of rocks — see illustration above). For a unique viewing experience visit our private Penthouse Showroom in Manhattan NYC. The “Central Rand Group” of deposits was brought to an abrupt end by massive outpourings of lava, which form the Ventersdorp lavas which erupted 2715 million years ago. Geological map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland (1970). The scarp forms the northern edge of a 7-to-10-kilometre-wide (4–6 mi) plateau (or ridge) which rises about 200 m (660 ft) above the surrounding plains of the Highveld. As with the California Gold Rush, the Witwatersrand Gold Rush had extensive social and political implications. We offer a vast selection of blue sapphires, pink sapphires, yellow sapphires, white sapphires and other unique natural sapphires. [13] Famous for experiments in probability performed while interned (in Denmark) during the second world war. This heightened political tensions in the area, ultimately contributing to the Second Boer War in 1899. The Witwatersrand Gold Rush initiated South Africa’s domination of world gold production. The diamonds have been studied by researchers and reveal secrets of how the Earth worked more than 3.5 billion years ago. It was on the southern portion of this ridge that gold was first discovered on the farm Langlaagte in 1886, 5 km west of Johannesburg. It houses five faculties which comprise 34 schools. Acid mine drainage, as the phenomenon is called, has become a major ecological problem, because it dissolves many of the heavy elements, such as the uranium, cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, arsenic and mercury found in the mine dumps, facilitating their passage into surface water and ground water. His brother Thomas was the first chairman. Freeman and Company, New York. [6] The entire series of rocks, known as the “Witwatersrand Supergroup’’ consists of quartzites, banded ironstones, mudstones, tillites, conglomerates and some marine lava deposits. Sapphire Specialists, in New York City Since 1939. The University Wits is a phrase used to name a group of late 16th-century English playwrights and pamphleteers who were educated at the universities (Oxford or … It holds the world's largest known gold reserves and has produced over 1.5 billion ounces (over 40,000 metric tons), which represents about 22% of all the gold accounted for above the surface. David Lewis-Williams, Professor emeritus of Cognitive Archaeology at the University of the Witwatersrand; specialist in Upper-Palaeolithic and Bushmen rock art; founder of the Rock Art Research Institute at the University of the Witwatersrand Image courtesy of Galen R. Frysinger. The abundance of this gold is without a natural equal anywhere else in the world. It is estimated the 40% of all of the gold ever mined has come out of the Basin. The basin is famous for its very large deposits of gold and uranium that occur as detrital minerals in conglomerates. The university has its roots in the mining industry, as do Johannesburg and the Witwatersrand in general. Demuvawatha, Ratnapura In addition to the founding of Johannesburg, the Witwatersrand Gold Rush was a major factor leading to the Second Boer War. Tillite deposits, dating from 2950 million years ago, are indicative of the first glaciation episodes on earth. What Is The Color Of a Padparadscha Sapphire? The Boer farmers denied these “uitlanders” voting rights and mounted heavy taxes on the gold industry. Wits is known for its work in deep level mining, science, health sciences, accountancy, law, governance, and the humanities, amongst others. The Witwatersrand Rifles Regiment was a mechanised infantry regiment of the South African Army.As a reserve unit, it had a status roughly equivalent to that of a British Army Reserve or United States Army National Guard unit. Sat: 1:00pm - 4:00pm ET New York, NY 10017, Mining & Sourcing [17] The park is on the busy Main Reef Road, immediately west of Nasrec Road. Harrison declared his claim with the then-government of the Zuid Afrikaanse Republiek (ZAR), and in September 1886 President Paul Kruger issued a proclamation declaring nine farms public mining diggings, starting on 20 September 1886. It might be related to the collision of the Kaapvaal Craton with the Zimbabwe Craton, eventually to become knitted together to form a single continental unit. The University of the Witwatersrand (also known as WITS) comes with different categories of Application Forms 2021 for prospective students. Gold is found in the conglomerate strata of the younger members of the Supergroup, locally referred to as banket. University of Witwatersrand Information. Silver, uranium, and iridium are recovered as gold-refining by-products. The result was alternating red and gray layers of mud which, when consolidated, became banded ironstones. [2][6][12] The kerogen, or bitumen, that is found in association with the gold deposits almost certainly represents what remains of these Archean photosynthesizing micro-organisms.[6]. [2], Ridge of erosion resistant rock in South Africa, Consequences of mining the ancient Witwatersrand rocks. existed among the natives of the area, it was not until 1886, when a poor Australian prospector named George Harrison staked the first claim, that the vast riches of the “Rand” were discovered. 6 East 45th St, 20th Floor [6] Its size and position relative to Southern Africa today are indicated in the diagram on the left. [6] The cause of these lava outpourings is a matter of speculation. The managed mineral reserve at South Deep as of December 2018 stood at 32.8Moz. The Witwatersrand Gold Rush was a gold rush in 1886 that led to the establishment of Johannesburg, South Africa. W.H. the past 150 million years, but especially during the last 20 million years. It is clear that for the next 200 million years the flood plain was repeatedly inundated, sometimes eroded, and sediments re-deposited. This massive goldfield is 100 kilometers (60 miles) long and 3.6 kilometers (12,000 feet) deep in certain places. Harrison's original Zoekers' (in English: seekers', or prospectors') Claim No 19 was declared a national monument in 1944, and named Harrison's Park. #Witsie4Life Storytelling Series Wits Alumni Relations presents the #Witsie4Life storytelling series, shining a light on ordinary people doing extraordinary things. The continued mining of gold has firmly placed Johannesburg as the economical powerhouse of South Africa. A final event that had a major impact on the geology of the Witwatersrand Basin and its exposure in the Johannesburg region, was a massive meteor impact 110 km to the south-west of Johannesburg 2020 million years ago. It is the younger Central Rand Group that contains most of the gold bearing conglomerates, locally referred to as banket, that are today of great economic importance. At night these reactions stopped. The Witwatersrand is a word in Afrikaans which means “The Ridge of white waters”. The Witwatersrand plateau consists of a 5000-to-7000-metre-thick (3.1–4.3 mi) layer of mainly sedimentary rocks laid down over a period of about 260 million years, starting approximately 2.97 billion years ago. conurbation that developed along the range, removal of a several kilometres thick layer of deposits from the surface of the Southern African Plateau, "Three Historic Johannesburg Passes | The Heritage Portal", http://www.goldsheetlinks.com/production.htm, Behind gold's glitter, torn lands and pointed questions, "Outcrop of Main Reef Group of Conglomerates Langlaagte Johannesburg-9/2/228/0196", Relationships between the Vredefort structure and the Witwatersrand basin within the tectonic framework of the Kaapvaal craton as interpreted from regional gravity and aeromagnetic data, List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Africa, Tectonic evolution of the Barberton greenstone belt, Department of Mineral Resources (South Africa), Department of Mineral Resources and Energy, Archean life in the Barberton Greenstone Belt, Geological Commission of the Cape of Good Hope, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Witwatersrand&oldid=996396357#Witwatersrand_Basin, Short description is different from Wikidata, Use South African English from February 2017, All Wikipedia articles written in South African English, Pages using infobox mountain with multiple parameters, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Cammack, Diana (1990) "The Rand at War: the Witwatersrand and the Anglo-Boer war 1899–1902, This page was last edited on 26 December 2020, at 10:04. 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